Aladdin (an Anglicization of the Arabic name (originally Syrian) Alā’ad-Dīn, Arabic: علاء الدين literally “nobility of the faith”) is one of the tales of medieval Arabian origin in the The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), and one of the most famous, although it was actually added to the collection by Antoine Galland.

The original story of Aladdin is a Middle-Eastern folk tale. It concerns an impoverished young ne’er-do-well named Aladdin, in a Chinese city, who is recruited by a sorcerer from the Maghreb (who passes himself off as the brother of Aladdin’s late father) to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby-trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Fortunately, Aladdin retains a magic ring lent to him by the sorcerer. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring, and a djinni appears, who takes him home to his mother. Aladdin is still carrying the lamp, and

  Jasmine, Aladdin, Aboo and the Genie of the lamp

when his mother tries to clean it, a second, far more powerful djinni appears, who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. With the aid of the djinni of the lamp, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries princess Badroulbadour, the Emperor’s daughter. The djinni builds Aladdin a wonderful palace - far more magnificent than that of the Emperor himself.

The sorcerer returns and is able to get his hands on the lamp by tricking Aladdin’s wife, who is unaware of the lamp’s importance, by offering to exchange “new lamps for old”. He orders the djinni of the lamp to take the palace to his home in the Maghreb. Fortunately, Aladdin retains the magic ring and is able to summon the lesser djinni. Although the djinni of the ring cannot directly undo any of the magic of the djinni of the lamp, he is able to transport Aladdin to Maghreb, and help him recover his wife and the lamp and defeat the sorcerer.

No medieval Arabic source has been traced for the tale, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from an Arab Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. Galland’s diary (March 25, 1709) records that he met the Maronite scholar, by name Youhenna Diab (“Hanna”), who had been brought from Aleppo to Paris by Paul Lucas, a celebrated French traveler. Galland’s diary also tells that his translation of “Aladdin” was made in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in his volumes ix and x of the Nights, published in 1710.

Note that although it is an Arabic tale the characters in the story are neither Arabs nor Persians, but rather are from “China”. The country in the story is however an Islamic country, where most people are Muslims. There is a Jewish merchant who buys Aladdin’s wares (and incidentally cheats him), but there is no mention of Buddhists or Confucians. Everybody in this country bears an Arabic name and its monarch seems much more like a Persian ruler than a Chinese emperor. The country of the tale is a fabled place in a distant land, definitely eastwards - but of course has little or no relationship to a “real” or historic China. This sort of thing is common enough in fairy tales - whether due to an unsophisticated narrator’s ignorance, or as a deliberate device.

Currently the form in which the medieval tale is best known, especially to the very young, is Aladdin, the 1992 animated feature by Walt Disney Feature Animation. In this version several characters are renamed, the setting is moved from China to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah, and the structure of the plot is simplified. Broadway Junior has released Aladdin Junior, a children’s musical based on the music and screenplay of the Disney animation.